Human appropriation of aboveground net primary production in Spain, 1955-2003: An empirical analysis of the industrialization of land use

The human appropriation of net primary production (HANPP) is an indicator of the human domination of ecosystems that measures to which extent human activities alter the amount of biomass available each year in ecosystems. This paper analyses the development of aboveground HANPP (aHANPP) in Spain for the period from 1955 to 2003. During this period, Spain's agriculture underwent a transition from a largely pre-industrial to a highly intensified production system. Changes in land use patterns include a reduction of cropland area and an expansion of forest area. Results show that aHANPP declined from 67% of potential aNPP in 1955 to 61% in 2003. Biomass harvest strongly increased from 68 million tons dry matter biomass per year (Mt/yr) to 106 Mt/yr, with nearly all of this increase occurring on cropland. Productivity losses due to human-induced land conversions dropped significantly from 112 Mt/yr to 63 Mt/yr, mainly as a result of the surge in cropland productivity and the increase in forest area. Despite its decrease during the last decades, aHANPP in Spain is still at a remarkably high level in comparison with the global average or other industrialized countries.     

Synchronisation and staggering of interest rate change by UK financial services firms

This study examines the frequency and form of deposit account interest rate change. Specifically the question of whether deposit interest rate change is synchronised with other banks or staggered at periodic intervals is addressed. Overall, evidence consistent with individual banks changing deposit interest rates in a staggered manner is recorded. Further larger banks are seen to change interest rates in a more synchronised manner than smaller banks. Lastly, when banks offer multiple deposit accounts, these products' interest rates are generally changed simultaneously by individual banks. These findings extend the current understanding of deposit interest rate change, and indicate that UK deposit interest rate setting is relatively rigid.     

零售企业的商业模式创新

零售企业商业模式主要可以分为从顾客价值寻求盈利的商业模式、从伙伴价值寻求盈利的商业模式和从企业价值寻求盈利的商业模式3种类型。然而,不论何种类型,零售企业商业模式所能创造的价值总量都是由顾客价值、伙伴价值和企业价值决定的。应当从提高企业为顾客创造价值的能力、提高企业为伙伴创造价值的能力、提高企业为自身创造价值的能力3个方面进行零售企业商业模式创新。     

‘What's so special about family business?’ An exploratory study of UK and Irish consumer experiences of family businesses

While family‐owned businesses are considered to have specific advantages in customer relationships, limited research has been conducted into how these abilities are developed or understood by the public. Consumers may indeed perceive family businesses differently from non‐family businesses, but this aspect has received scant attention within the literature. This paper sets out exploratory work designed to gain an understanding of Irish and UK consumer perceptions of family‐owned businesses, within both urban and rural communities. The study provides insight into the meaning of ‘familiness’ in consumers' minds when linked to family businesses, and explores the relationships and experiences that respondents have of family firms. Emerging issues include family business heritage, community bonds and social stewardship, consumer loyalty and generational transfer, distinction, choice and retail heterogeneity. The findings of this exploratory study suggest that researchers should be paying more attention to the positive aspects of family businesses within communities, and concludes with suggestions for future research to further extend this area of study.     

跨国零售企业在华扩张的业态选择——基于21家跨国零售企业的实证分析

跨国零售企业在华空间扩张的同时不断引进各种新型业态,进行业态扩张.本文通过实证研究,分析了具有代表性的跨国零售企业在华的业态分布情况、业态扩张战略的选择、特点及其成因,并得出以下结论:由于受到母国、进华时间及业态本身等因素的影响,目前跨国零售企业在华依然大多采用单一业态战略;跨国零售企业出于降低在华经营风险、培养新利润增长点、增强企业竞争力的目的,越来越重视多业态战略,多业态发展态势明显,而且,大型超市是多业态战略的核心业态.     

电子商务环境下的零售业虚拟商圈

日趋成熟的电子商务交易方式,催生了虚拟商圈这一新型零售业商圈形式。虚拟商圈的大小除受地理位置、居民收入水平和交通状况影响外,在一定时期还与所拥有的商品种类和企业经营规模有关。目前虚拟商圈在电子商务帮助下迅速扩展,形成了自身的特点,但在其扩展过程中仍面临许多问题。     

物流对零售业态发展的重要性探究

本文从理论、实证的角度说明了物流对零售业态发展具有重要的支持作用,分析了我国零售业态物流管理相对滞后的表现,从而指出我国零售业今后加速发展物流的必要性。     

中国城市零售业效益滑坡的症结和出路

改革２０年来,中国零售业取得了快速增长,经营理念、经营方式都发生了质的变化,改变了我国流通业滞后的局面。但进入９０年代后,由于宏观调控失控和国外零售业对国内业界的冲击,近几年中国城市零售业效益大幅滑坡。从影响零售业经济效益的因素入手,认清其效益滑坡的症结所在,制定在开放格局下我国城市零售业发展的对策,可以认为出路就在于集约化经营,走专业化、连锁化相结合之路。     

二线城市本土零售业竞争的新思路

我国全面开放零售市场后,二线城市本土零售企业面对激烈的市场竞争态势,市场消费呈现出多层次多样化等特点,本土零售业既有优势也有劣势。二线城市的本土零售企业今后应主要采取“错位经营”的策略,突出自有特色,在二线城市的中心地带与外来零售企业开展营销竞争,同时还应实行多种延伸策略,避开竞争。     

论企业创名牌五大方略

本文从技术优势、成本优势、管理优势以及服务优势等几方面对外商投资零售企业的竞争优势进行了深入分析 ,旨在为我国商业企业制定相应竞争战略提供有益的启示